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József Mindszenty
József Mindszenty (mindsɛnti ) (29 March 18926 May 1975) was the Prince Primate, Archbishop of Esztergom, cardinal, and leader of the Catholic Church in Hungary from 2 October 1945 to 18 December 1973. For five decades, he personified uncompromising opposition to fascism and communism in Hungary in support of religious freedom. During World War II, he was imprisoned by the pro-Nazi Arrow Cross Party. After the war, he opposed communism and the communist persecution in his country. As a result, he was tortured and given a life sentence in a 1949 show trial that generated worldwide condemnation, including a United Nations resolution. After eight years in prison, he was freed in the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 and granted political asylum by the United States embassy in Budapest, where Mindszenty lived for the next fifteen years.〔 He was finally allowed to leave the country in 1971. He died in exile in 1975 in Vienna, Austria.
==Early life and career==
Mindszenty was born on 29 March 1892 in Csehimindszent, Vas County, Austria-Hungary, to József Pehm and Borbála Kovács. His father was a magistrate.〔Mindszenty, József Cardinal (1974). ''Memoirs''. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co.〕 He attended St Norbert's Premonstratensian High Grammar School in Szombathely, before entering the Szombathely Diocesan Seminary in 1911.
Mindszenty was ordained a priest by Bishop János Mikes on 12 June 1915, the Feast of the Sacred Heart of Jesus. In 1917, the first of his books, ''Motherhood'', was published. He was arrested by the republican Mihály Károlyi government on 9 February 1919 and held until the fall of the communist Béla Kun government on 31 July.〔Mindszenty, József Cardinal. Memoirs. pp3-8. 1974. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc.〕
He adopted his new name—part of his home village's name—in 1941. On 25 March 1944, he was consecrated bishop of Veszprém. He was arrested on 27 November 1944 for his opposition to the Arrow Cross government's plan to quarter soldiers in parts of his official palace. In April 1945, with the collapse of the Arrow Cross's power, he was released from house arrest at a church in Sopron.〔http://www.freeweb.hu/eszmelet/34/baloghs34.html 〕
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